Patient- and visitor violence in general hospitals: A systematic review of the literature

Patient and visitor violence (PVV) is a complex occupational hazard for health care staff working
in general hospitals. In order to reduce the deficit of information regarding this kind of PVV, a
systematic literature review that describes and summarizes the current scientific knowledge on
this topic was conducted. The literature search identified 84 studies. These were analyzed for
research quality and those with good or moderate research quality were selected (n= 31). In
most studies, a retrospective self reported cross-sectional design and a broad definition of
violence were employed. Additionally, most of the questionnaires applied were developed by
the researchers and utilized different retrospective time frames. Unfortunately, information
about the validity of the questionnaires was often lacking. Results of this review suggest that
PVV is a serious problem for health care staff in general hospitals, especially those working in
medical and surgical units. Workplace characteristics and the interaction between patients and
staff are important contextual factors that can contribute to the development of violent
incidents. Because the studies reviewed employed different methodologies, instruments, and
definitions, comparison was difficult. We, therefore, recommend that future research use
clearer conceptual frameworks and unique instruments