Strength deficits of the hamstrings following surgery on the anterior cruciate ligament: a case-control study of elite alpine ski racers
Version
Published
Date Issued
2019
Author(s)
Spiess, Jonas
Meyer, Stephan
Wyss, Thomas
Hübner, Klaus
Bruhin, Björn
Luomajoki, Hannu
Type
Article
Subjects
Abstract
Hintergrund: Der Stand der Forschung zeigt auf, dass Kreuzbandverletzungen im alpinen Skirennsport häufig vorkommen. Der ischiocruralen Muskulatur wird eine wichtige Rolle zum Schutz des vorderen Kreuzbandes (VKB) attestiert. Dabei ist v.a. die exzentrische Muskelaktivität von grosser Bedeutung, da sie in Dauer und Intensität gegenüber der konzentrischen Muskelaktivität im alpinen Skirennsport vorherrschend ist. Ziel dieser Studie war herauszufinden, ob Elite Skirennfahrer nach einer VKB-Plastik exzentrische Kraftdefizite der ischiocruralen Muskulatur aufweisen. Methode: Es wurde eine Case-Control-Studie zwischen Skirennfahrer 49 ± 41 Monaten postoperativ nach einer VKB-Plastik und gesunden Skirennfahrer durchgeführt. Im Seitenvergleich wurde die exzentrische Gesamtkraft beider Beine der ischiocruralen Muskulatur der VKB- (n=18) mit der Kontrollgruppe (n=70), ferner die Kraft des operierten Beines einerseits mit der gesunden Seite und andererseits mit dem Mittelwert der gesunden Gruppe verglichen. Die exzentrische Kraft wurde während der Übung Nordic-Hamstrings auf dem NordBord gemessen. Gruppenvergleiche wurden mittels ANOVA mit Bonferroni Post-hoc Tests analysiert. Mittels multipler linearer Regressionsanalyse wurden zudem die relevanten unabhängigen Einflussvariablen zur Erklärung der exzentrischen Gesamtkraft und des Limb Symmetry Index ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Die relative exzentrische Gesamtkraft beider Beine der ischiocruralen Muskulatur der VKB-Gruppe war signifikant geringer als diejenige der Kontrollgruppe (p=0.031). Weiter war das operierte Bein bei der relativen exzentrischen Kraft signifikant schwächer als der Mittelwert der Kontrollgruppe (p=0.024). Auch der Limb Symmetry Index war bei den unilateral Operierten signifikant grösser (p=0.016) als bei den Gesunden und den bilateral Operierten. Die Unterschiede in der exzentrischen Gesamtkraft zwischen den Athleten liess sich zu 56% durch die drei unabhängigen Variablen Operation, Alter und Geschlecht erklären. Die Unterschiede im Limb Symmetry Index zwischen den Athleten konnte zu 18% durch die drei unabhängigen Variablen Operation, exzentrische Gesamtkraft beider Beine und Körpergrösse erklärt werden. Schlussfolgerung: Skirennfahrer haben auch mehrere Jahre nach einer VKB-Plastik persistierende Defizite in der exzentrischen Kraft der ischiocruralen Muskulatur verglichen mit gesunden Skirennfahrern. Daher sollte dem Training der exzentrischen Kraftfähigkeit der ischiocruralen Muskulatur während der Rehabilitation aus Sicht der Autoren mehr Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden. Die vorgestellte Messmethode ist einfach, praktikabel und kostengünstig. Um den Einfluss der Kraft der ischiocruralen Muskulatur auf Kreuzbandverletzungen besser verstehen zu können, sind weitere Studien nötig.
Background: Research to date clearly shows that injuries to the cruciate ligaments are a frequent occurrence in alpine ski racing. The hamstrings play an important role in protecting the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Here eccentric muscle activity, in particular, is of great significance as it plays a more important role in terms of duration and intensity than concentric muscle activity in alpine ski racing. The aim of this study was to establish whether the hamstrings of alpine ski racers show eccentric strength deficits following surgery on the anterior cruciate ligament.
Methods: A case-control study was performed with athletes who had undergone surgery on the anterior cruciate ligament 49 ± 41 months previously and healthy ski racers. The total eccentric strength of both legs measured in the hamstrings supporting the ACL (n=18) was compared with the healthy group (n=70); the strength of the operated leg was also compared with the healthy leg and with the mean for the healthy group. Eccentric strength was measured during the Nordic hamstrings exercise performed on the NordBord hamstring testing system. Group comparisons were performed using ANOVA and Bonferroni Post-hoc analyses. Multiple linear regressions were used to assess the relevant independent variables explaining total eccentric strength and Limb Symmetry Index.
Results: The relative total eccentric strength of both legs in the hamstrings of the ACL group was significantly lower than in the healthy group (p=0.031). In addition, the relative eccentric strength of the operated leg was significantly lower compared to the healthy group (p=0.024). Leg asymmetry was also significantly greater in athletes who had undergone surgery on one leg (p=0.016) than in healthy subjects and athletes who had undergone surgery on both legs. 56% of the total eccentric strength of both legs could be explained by surgery, age and gender. 18% of the leg asymmetry was explained by the variables surgery, total eccentric strength of both legs and height.
Conclusion: Several years after anterior cruciate ligament surgery, ski racers still have deficits in terms of the eccentric strength of their hamstrings compared with healthy ski racers. Therefore more attention should be paid during rehabilitation to the eccentric strength of the hamstrings with a view to strengthening and testing them. Measurement using the NordBord system is suitable for routine monitoring of eccentric strength. Further studies are needed to improve understanding of the influence of hamstrings strength on cruciate ligament injuries.
Methods: A case-control study was performed with athletes who had undergone surgery on the anterior cruciate ligament 49 ± 41 months previously and healthy ski racers. The total eccentric strength of both legs measured in the hamstrings supporting the ACL (n=18) was compared with the healthy group (n=70); the strength of the operated leg was also compared with the healthy leg and with the mean for the healthy group. Eccentric strength was measured during the Nordic hamstrings exercise performed on the NordBord hamstring testing system. Group comparisons were performed using ANOVA and Bonferroni Post-hoc analyses. Multiple linear regressions were used to assess the relevant independent variables explaining total eccentric strength and Limb Symmetry Index.
Results: The relative total eccentric strength of both legs in the hamstrings of the ACL group was significantly lower than in the healthy group (p=0.031). In addition, the relative eccentric strength of the operated leg was significantly lower compared to the healthy group (p=0.024). Leg asymmetry was also significantly greater in athletes who had undergone surgery on one leg (p=0.016) than in healthy subjects and athletes who had undergone surgery on both legs. 56% of the total eccentric strength of both legs could be explained by surgery, age and gender. 18% of the leg asymmetry was explained by the variables surgery, total eccentric strength of both legs and height.
Conclusion: Several years after anterior cruciate ligament surgery, ski racers still have deficits in terms of the eccentric strength of their hamstrings compared with healthy ski racers. Therefore more attention should be paid during rehabilitation to the eccentric strength of the hamstrings with a view to strengthening and testing them. Measurement using the NordBord system is suitable for routine monitoring of eccentric strength. Further studies are needed to improve understanding of the influence of hamstrings strength on cruciate ligament injuries.
Publisher DOI
Journal
Swiss sports & exercise medicine
ISSN
2297-8712
Publisher URL
Organization
Volume
67
Issue
1
Publisher
Rubmedia
Submitter
ServiceAccount
Citation apa
Spiess, J., Meyer, S., Wyss, T., Hübner, K., Bruhin, B., & Luomajoki, H. (2019). Kraftdefizite der Hamstrings nach einer vorderen Kreuzbandrekonstruktion bei Elite-Skirennfahrern: eine Fallkontrollstudie. In Swiss sports & exercise medicine (Vol. 67, Issue 1). Rubmedia. https://doi.org/10.24451/arbor.11040
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