The Epidemic Failure Cycle hypothesis: Towards understanding the global community’s recent failures in responding to an epidemic

Richter, Dirk; Zuercher, Simeon (2021). The Epidemic Failure Cycle hypothesis: Towards understanding the global community’s recent failures in responding to an epidemic Journal of Infection and Public Health, 14(11), pp. 1614-1619. Elsevier 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.09.003

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Background: Within a few years, the global community has failed twice in responding to large viral infec- tion outbreaks: the Ebola epidemic in 2014 and the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic in 2020. There is, however, no systematic approach or research available that analyses the repeated failures with regard to an adequate response to an epidemic. Methods: For a better understanding of failing societal responses, we have analysed the available research literature on societal responses to epidemics and we propose a framework called the ‘Epidemic Failure Cycle’ (EFC). Results: The EFC consists of four phases: Negligence, Arrogance/Denial, Panic and Analysis/Self-criticism. These phases fit largely with the current World Health Organization pandemic influenza phases: Inter- pandemic, Alert, Pandemic, Transition. By utilizing the Ebola epidemic and the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic as case studies, we show striking similarities in the response to these outbreaks during both crises. Finally, we suggest three major areas to be of utmost importance for triggering and maintaining the EFC. In terms of ecology, zoonoses, supposed to be the main biological origin for virus epidemics, have been largely neglected by politicians, the media and the scientific community. Socioeconomic and cultural conditions such as harsh living and working conditions as well as conspiracy theories hinder effective preventive and counter measures against epidemics. Lastly, in terms of epistemology, the reliance on knowledge about previous outbreaks has led to slow and inadequate decisions. Conclusions: We conclude that any current society has to be aware of the risks of repeating responses to epidemics that will fail. Being aware of the societal mechanisms that trigger inadequate responses may help to get to more appropriate decisions in the face of an epidemic.

Item Type:	Journal Article (Original Article)
Division/Institute:	School of Health Professions School of Health Professions > Nursing School of Health Professions > Nursing > Innovation in the Field of Mental Health and Psychiatric Care
Name:	Richter, Dirk0000-0002-6215-6110 and Zuercher, Simeon
Subjects:	R Medicine > R Medicine (General)
ISSN:	1876-0341
Publisher:	Elsevier
Projects:	[UNSPECIFIED] kleine Mandate
Language:	English
Submitter:	Luca Federico
Date Deposited:	19 Jan 2022 15:21
Last Modified:	23 May 2023 12:51
Publisher DOI:	10.1016/j.jiph.2021.09.003
ARBOR DOI:	10.24451/arbor.16280
URI:	https://arbor.bfh.ch/id/eprint/16280